Radiative kernels (Laine et al., 2016)

The following surface radiative kernels were used in Laine et al. (2016).

Radiative kernels: Net radiation change at the surface (positive downward in W/m**2) due to

Surface albedo: decrease by 0.01
Surface temperature: increase by 1K
Air temperature: increase by 1K (17 perssure levels, normalized by 100hPa)
Specific humidity: increase equivalent to 1K warming under fixed relative humidity (17 pressure levels, normalized by 100hPa)

Perturbation: Prescribed changes when constructing radiative kernels

Specific humidity: (17 pressure levels, g/kg)

Reference

Laine, A., M. Yoshimori, and A. Abe-Ouchi (2016): Surface Arctic amplification factors in CMIP5 models: Land and oceanic surfaces, seasonality. J. Climate, 29(9), 3297-3316, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0497.1.